Friday, October 04, 2019

On the dangers of finding comfort in the struggle


I attended most of the anti-extradition bill protests since the inception of the infamous article. Week-on-week, I have seen the police escalate the violence; from targeting journalists, to insulting protesters, and now just having complete disregard for the role they are meant to be play in society. While this is not acceptable, it is perfectly understandable; the police force is being given carte-blanche by Carrie Lam. Every time she is being asked, she will profess blind faith in the forces, regardless of the obvious aberrations they may commit.

Even more baffling, as was revealed in her leaked tape, she stated that "the only thing I have is the Hong Kong Police Force". One would think that a seasoned observer of the situation in Hong Kong since its retrocession to China would understand that every time the government has dug its heels and rammed legislation through the throats of Hong-Kongers, they have reacted in kind. Therefore, by unconditionally supporting the police’s actions, not only is she removing any accountability of the HKPF, but she is also furthering disapproval from the population which should be where her support comes from.

However, as the weeks pass, I see a risk looming for the pro-democracy movement’s continued public support. Just a few weeks ago, protesters would brush Carrie’s antics and half-truths off, and keep marching peacefully.
It changed recently as we saw unapologetic destruction of private property (smart lampposts as well as MTR equipment) by the most extreme fringe of the protest movement.
While we can have an academic debate as to whether the average protester supports an increased usage of violence or not, the fact is that there does not seem to be post-facto introspection as to whether matching the police’s escalating violence is the best strategy.

Not only is this playing to Beijing’s narrative of “terrorists senselessly destroying Hong Kong”, but it also risks alienating support from the average Hong-Konger who would fail to see how destroying an MTR turnstile is advancing the cause of democracy. 

In any social revendications movement, there are agitators and anarchists. Honestly, I am impressed as to how very few there were considering the massive protests that took place. As a result, I am not so concerned about them if they are shunned by and from the group.
But when weeks of protests turn into months, there is a danger for an increasing number, in letting themselves being defined by the struggle and losing sight of the desired outcome. I have seen signs of this on the front where fully black-clad protesters play martyrs, seeking peer-validation for it.
The brotherhood of the fight, for the lack of a better term, is appealing, heart-warming to an extent, and most of the time, necessary. It is not a problem in itself, but addiction to it is, as it blurs one’s vision.  Beyond becoming more tolerant to one’s own violent behaviors, the risk is to obfuscate the goal itself: there are 5 demands, once they are met, the fight is won. If your course of action takes you away from that goal, you must refocus, re-think your strategy, question your assumptions, adapt, …be water!

It may be that now is the time to tone-down the destruction, call-it out when it occurs, and focus on the few political levers that you (we) do have; there are elections just around the corner; the fight needs to, if only temporarily, move to that arena. Get every single elector out, and out-vote the Beijing sycophants who incidentally just recently found a conscience and are proposing ideas after ideas to solve the housing “crisis” which they have helped create.
Do not give them justifications to suppress or delay the elections. Instead, announce the complete suspension of any means of protests on that day.

Protesters, you have the overwhelming support of Hong Kongers, principally because there is complete acceptance of your goals, and, until now, of your means to attain them. That is your strongest asset, and something that the Hong Kong government lacks as a result of its inability or unwillingness to understand your fundamental demands. This asset is critical in your ability to win this fight.

If the fringe activists keep taking violent actions against an increasing number of perceived “enemies”, they will eventually run out of friends…

If the struggle becomes your goal, you will lose public support, and, in the end, lose everything.

Monday, July 01, 2019

Focus on the social media influencers


Who's popular?

"Figures  4  and  5  can  be  seen  as  a  macro-manifestation  of  the  ‘rich-get-richer’  phenomenon,which  has  been  extensively  researched  already  at  the  individual  video  level,  pointing  at  ‘previous views’  being  highly  relevant  to  predict  ‘future  views’  (Borghol  et  al.,  2012;  Cha  et  al.,  2009;  Crane and  Sornette,  2008;  Szabo  and  Huberman,  2010).  Taken  to  the  aggregate  level  of  channel  popularity,  this  raises  questions  as  to  whether  it  is  possible  at  all  for  younger  channels  to  attract  any relevant  viewership"1.
Essentially, this translates into "Social Influencers that have built a following over time are likely to capture more of the new views than a new entrant".

"The  odds  of  Comedy,  Entertainment,  How  To  &  Style  and  Gaming  to  make  it  to  the  top  3%have  always  been  better  than  average.  In  2016,  however,  News  &  Politics  stands  out  with  a  10.9% chance.  The  chances  of  Sports,  Education,  Nonprofits  &  Activism  and  People  &  Blogs  are  consistently  worse  than  average.  Success  probabilities  appear  to  be  generally  insensitive  to  potentially biased  API  responses  (see  subsection  ‘Sampling  details  and  biases’);  by  and  large,  Table  8  can  be regarded  as  giving  a  fair  answer  to  the  question  of  whether  a  certain  category  improves  or  deteriorates  the  chances  to  become  successful.  Three  exceptions  to  this  are  Gaming,  which  goes  down to  nearly  3% in  the  reduced  data  set,  and  How  To  &  Style  and  News  &  Politics,  which  seem  to  have even  better  chances  to  become  successful."1


How much money do influencers make?



  • "According to a decade-long study by a professor at the Offenburg University of Applied Sciences in Germany, 96.5 percent of YouTubers don’t make enough annual ad revenue to reach the U.S. federal poverty line."
    "According to the Financial Times, 'an influencer with 100,000 followers on Instagram can charge around £2,000 per picture (approximately $2,700), while celebrity influencers with between four million and 20 million followers can charge £5,000-£13,000 ($6,700-$17,500).'”
    (2018)

    https://www.highsnobiety.com/p/how-much-do-influencers-make/
  • "Many famous social media stars are too visible to have “real” jobs, but too broke not to."
    "I’m 27 years old and have been building an online following for 10 years, beginning with a popular Livejournal I wrote in high school. A couple of years ago, after moving to Los Angeles, I made the transition from freelance writing to creating online video. The channel I have with my best friend Allison Raskin, Just Between Us, has more than half a million subscribers and a hungry fan base. We’re a two-person video creation machine. When we’re not producing and starring in a comedy sketch and advice show, we’re writing the episodes, dealing with business contracts and deals, and running our company Gallison, LLC, which we registered officially about a month ago.
    And yet, despite this success, we’re just barely scraping by. Allison and I make money from ads that play before our videos, freelance writing and acting gigs, and brand deals on YouTube and Instagram. But it’s not enough to live, and its influx is unpredictable. Our channel exists in that YouTube no-man’s-land: Brands think we’re too small to sponsor, but fans think we’re too big for donations. I’ve never had more than a couple thousand dollars in my bank account at once. My Instagram account has 340,000 followers, but I’ve never made $340,000 in my life collectively."

    https://splinternews.com/get-rich-or-die-vlogging-the-sad-economics-of-internet-1793853578
  • A handful of stars make quite a bit of money.
    https://www.forbes.com/sites/maddieberg/2016/12/05/the-highest-paid-youtube-stars-2016-pewdiepie-remains-no-1-with-15-million/#96302f877132
    https://www.forbes.com/sites/clareoconnor/2017/04/10/earning-power-heres-how-much-top-influencers-can-make-on-instagram-and-youtube/#3ba7d7de24db
  • YouTuber Tech Lead made about USD $5,000 for 1,000,000 views
    https://youtu.be/PZsEU-T1Gmg?t=110
  • This YouTuber assesses that it is about $2,000 on average:
    https://youtu.be/do1VLjNg6AE?t=51


My own experience with www.HongKongHikes.com

With my hiking blog which I started to help people but turned out to be quite popular with 70k/100k hits a month has just recently started to pay out something.

As of May 2019, I make about $0.75 USD a day from the EZoic network. I turned-off AdSense which paid out about 5 cents a month! (Google doesn't share ad revenues it seems). And through sponsorship and won popularity contests, maybe add the equivalent of another $0.50 a day.
So, just barely enough to beat what is considered the world's absolute poverty level! :-)

I'm happy I don't have to make a living from my Web presence nor do I plan on doing so...

Related content

If travel influencers were HONEST - https://youtu.be/wnI8TA8XCt4




Sunday, June 30, 2019

Counting pro-Police supporters on June 30th

"Organisers say 165,000 join counter protest – police put number at 53,000"
https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3016689/thousands-gather-tamar-park-support-hong-kong-police-and

Now, as I did for the June 9th anti-extradition March, let's see how the organisers and police claim fare.

First, let's have a look at pictures taken from the gathering (it was not a march). Pictures credits to: China Daily, SCMP, various unnamed web locations...






It would seem that the density was quite good around the stage, maybe at 2.5 to 3 person/sqm. Probably more like 0.5 to 1 farther out on Tamar.

Let's first clear one thing up; 165,000 participants is a fabulation that is unrelated to any possible reality; even packing 4 people per sqm, covering the whole area of Tamar (which they weren't), and accounting for 20% of people coming and going, the absolute maximum number would be 130,000.

Here's how I calculated it:


https://www.mapchecking.com/#22.2833035,114.1658756;22.2833807,114.1659883;22.2832754,114.1665301;22.2832633,114.1666910;22.2829384,114.1666535;22.2825172,114.1665006;22.2824751,114.1662190;22.2821576,114.1661734;22.2819890,114.1662780;22.2816021,114.1660151;22.2812522,114.1658166;22.2808675,114.1656503;22.2803902,114.1654787;22.2805938,114.1651729;22.2810392,114.1652178;22.2813356,114.1652091;22.2817016,114.1653372;22.2820726,114.1654599;22.2824400,114.1656450;22.2825734,114.1651032;22.2832613,114.1651783;22.2831631,114.1657147;22.2831676,114.1657898;4;22.2822294,114.1652561,18

108,255 + 20% = about 130,000 absolute max

Now, let's try to assess the likely scenario:

Let's evaluate the section around the stage at a generous 3 person/sqm:

https://www.mapchecking.com/#22.2833512,114.1657844;22.2834108,114.1659829;22.2832768,114.1667769;22.2831080,114.1668681;22.2828946,114.1668627;22.2829591,114.1665086;22.2820656,114.1660849;22.2821301,114.1656879;3;22.2822294,114.1652561,18

and the rest of the space at a generous 1.7/sqm

https://www.mapchecking.com/#22.2822195,114.1655645;22.2820110,114.1662619;22.2808544,114.1656021;22.2807452,114.1655109;22.2805318,114.1654411;22.2806459,114.1650227;22.2817132,114.1653285;1.7;22.2822294,114.1652561,18

Which gives us 51,364 at the peak. Very close to the police's estimate of 53,000. Now, as we mentioned before, the HKPF measures peak attendance, not total attendance. Adding a more likely 10% to our count means that the likely total attendance was around 56 to 58 thousand people.

Let's give them 60 thousand for good measure...

Chrome is in your office Web browsing future, one way or another...

I just got this notice today that 'Microsoft Edge will be Chromium-based beginning in 2019'.

That is great news for office workers that have been stuck using Internet Explorer because their IT teams are stuck 10 years back in time...


IE's final end-of-life is far in the future however as it will be supported on Windows 2010 until 2025.

Nevertheless, it is likely that corporations are going to start migrating to Chromium-based browser support en-masse much earlier than that.

Provided that MS Edge is going to be Chromium-based starting in 2019 and Opera already is, that over 75% of the of the browsers' market share will be based on Chromium.


Saturday, June 29, 2019

No land shortage in Hong Kong

I wanted to list a collection of evidences showing that there is no land-shortage in Hong Kong, only misused land. And there is certainly no need to develop what is one of the greatest Hong Kong assets; its country parks.

  • 900 hectares freed by Ding rights ruling. Portion of them should be developed immediately"The court ruled that two of the three ways rural residents exercised their traditional but controversial rights under the small-house policy were unlawful.
    Introduced in 1972, the policy entitles adult male descendants of indigenous people in the New Territories the right to build a three-storey house of 700 sq ft per floor.
    One of their three options is to apply for a “free building licence” to construct a house on their own land without having to pay the required tax. The court ruled this avenue constitutional on Monday. Villagers who do not own any land can ask the government to sell them public space at a discount under what is known as a private treaty grant. Those who own land which is not suitable for housing can apply to exchange it with the government, possibly also without paying a premium. These last two avenues will cease to exist in six months. (in Nov 2019)


    From 1972 to June last year, the government granted 28,305 free building licences, 10,763 private treaty grants and 3,610 land exchanges."

    https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/law-and-crime/article/3005283/high-court-ruling-village-houses-will-do-little-ease

    "Hong Kong’s Development Bureau on Tuesday night said it would suspend two projects allowing indigenous villagers to build 113 small houses on public land, after a court ruled a day earlier that trading or granting government space for the purpose was unconstitutional.
    (...)
    Brian Wong Shiu-hung, a member of concern group the Liber Research Community, said the court ruling was the first step towards changing the small-house policy, which he called 'a historical and complex problem'.
    (...)
    According to the group’s earlier research, at least 30 of the 900 hectares are plots of 5,000 sq ft or more. They were also close to roads and new towns, making them suitable for public use, he said.
    Wong said the findings were based on a conservative estimate and the plots were not as scattered as the government said."

    https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3005347/land-affected-hong-kong-small-house-policy-ruling-not

    "But Chan Kim-ching of concern group Liber Research Community said Cheung was sounding off too soon before a detailed investigation on the development potential of idle land.

    Chan said a study done by the group earlier found at least 34 hectares of land zoned for small houses as being suitable for development.

    'Many of them are over a hectare in size and can be used for developing subsidized housing or middle- and high-density public housing,' he claimed.

    Citing Ha Mei San Tsuen in Yuen Long, Chan said an idle plot reserved by the government for the expansion of the village is two hectares in size.

    Another idle area zoned for village expansion in Pai Tau Hang in Sha Tin is one hectare, he said, and that is close to Sha Tin MTR Station.

    Liber had estimated the 34 hectares can accommodate 11,000 to 14,000 public housing units."


    http://www.thestandard.com.hk/section-news.php?id=206732
  • Rural leader corporatist behavior
    "The head of Hong Kong’s rural clans organisation has defended the housing privileges of overseas male descendants of indigenous villagers, despite them not having a Hong Kong identity card or permanent residency.
    Heung Yee Kuk chairman Kenneth Lau said on Tuesday that the identity of 'indigenous villagers' did not depend on whether they were Hong Kong residents. Lau was responding to an investigative series by news outlet HK01, which stated that a housing estate in Tuen Mun was built under the names of 17 Malaysian men.
    HK01 also interviewed three Malaysian men descended from Hong Kong’s indigenous villagers who admitted to selling their housing rights for profit. One man said all the male members in his extended family sold such rights, with each netting HK$100,000 per transaction."

    https://www.hongkongfp.com/2019/04/17/indigenous-villagers-housing-privileges-even-theyre-not-hong-kong-residents-says-rural-leader/?
  • 10,000 village houses built following illegal transfer of land rights, study suggests"A land research group say they have discovered at least 9,878 village houses in the New Territories built after a suspected illegal transfer of land rights. The number represents almost a quarter of the total number of small houses in Hong Kong.The Liber Research Community have published a database of suspicious properties. They examined each property to see whether they were in a village development zone, contained more than three blocks, were three storeys high, shared a similar architectural style, featured an outside wall, and included an estate name and estate management. The researchers considered that houses with such features should originally belong to villagers, but had instead been sold to developers for profit.
    Under the Small House Policy, male indigenous villagers who are descendants of a male line from a recognised village may apply to build a small house of up to three storeys high, on either their own land at zero premium or on public land through a private treaty grant, once during their lifetime. However, the right is non-transferable. It is a criminal offence to sell the rights to developers.(...)
    Civic Party lawmaker Kwok Ka-ki said the problem has been pointed out by a government audit report in 1987, and the government including Chief Executive Carrie Lam – who was in charge of land development – failed to deal with the issue."

    https://www.hongkongfp.com/2018/01/04/revealed-10000-village-houses-built-following-illegal-transfer-land-rights-study-suggests/

    Map of suspicious development (Liber Research Community)
    https://www.google.com/maps/d/u/0/viewer?mid=1xJDfYyxrBvyQ0zvBA11ednTkTBk&ll=22.507560039943968%2C114.3399198850866&z=11
  • Hong Kong population is set to plateau in 2041, then start decreasing to about current levels in 2070

    Census 2016-2066
    https://www.censtatd.gov.hk/media_workers_corner/pc_rm/hkpp2017_2066/index.jsp
    https://www.statistics.gov.hk/pub/B1120015072017XXXXB0100.pdf

    Flats to be provided as per Business-as-usual (BAU) would be 460,000 by 2027 without any intervention
    "In her policy address the chief executive said she would increase the proportion of public housing flats among the target to produce a total of 460,000 flats by 2027"
    (https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/hong-kong-economy/article/2167936/tomorrows-world-hong-kongs-leader-sees-massive)

    As its very peak, there will be a need to house 716k more people over current situation as per projected Hong Kong population growth forecasts.

    The chart below clearly shows that, in the long-run, the Hong Kong population will decrease and its needs for more land will too. 
    Source: Hong Kong Government - https://www.censtatd.gov.hk/hkstat/sub/sp190.jsp?productCode=B1120016

    "The demand for one-way permits is likely to fall substantially as more Hong Kong women have been marrying mainland men in recent years, says Secretary for Labour and Welfare Law Chi-kwong.
    Given this reversing marriage trend, the city may see a reduction in its population sooner than the government's expectation of 2043, Law wrote on his blog.
    A more accurate estimation, he added, can be made after the 2021 census.
    Law said most cross-border marriages in the 1980s had Hong Kong men marrying mainland women, who mostly preferred settling in the SAR."
  • There are thousands of hectares of abandoned of agricultural land available in the New Territories
    - North: 1150 hectares
    - Yuen Long: 790h
    - Tai Po: 630h
    - Sha Thin: 130h
    - Tsuen Wan: 90h
    - Tsuen Muen: 90h
    https://www.legco.gov.hk/research-publications/english/1718issh22-land-supply-and-utilization-in-hong-kong-20180430-e.pdf
  • Tons of warehouse and open storage land
    1.4% (1500 hectares)
    https://www.pland.gov.hk/pland_en/info_serv/statistic/landu.html

Comments about the East-Lantau Metropolis:
  • The East-Lantau 'paradise islands' will only be ready for the first people to live in, in 2034. It therefore completely is the wrong approach to solve a short-term flat shortage)
    Read Tim Hamlet's excellent article on the timeline.
  • The Hong Kong government/Beijing wants mass mainlanders immigration to grow Hong Kong's population way beyond the forecasted numbers
  • Carrie Lam and the Land Task Force did not plan long-term
  • The Hong Kong government is in cahoot with the big developers which will build middle-density, very expensive private flats when it is shown that there's no need for all that land

Thursday, June 27, 2019

Hong Kong's main problem; bad governance.

Hong Kong does not have universal suffrage for the election of its Chief Executive. The C.E. is accountable to Beijing. The pre-1997 colonial government in Hong Kong was no more accountable to the people either. However, it was more competent, which made it more acceptable to the population.

That is why a country like Singapore, which does not have the natural advantages that Hong Kong has (country parks, mountains which force transit in valleys - making efficient and profitable mass-transportation possible, etc) in running around circles around Hong Kong.

Here are a few points of evidence to that fact with the current government of Carrie Lam:
  • Stifling innovation and market economics rather than promoting them
    - AirBnB is illegal in Hong Kong. No attempts at opening up
    - Uber is illegal in Hong Kong. No attempts at breaking the taxi cartel. Yet, while cheap, taxi service is terrible in Hong Kong
  • Focus on wrong things:
    - Extradition bill, flag bill, anthem bill. All things that were solutions to non-problems
    - Plans to reclaim 1,000 hectares to build an island for housing at a cost of $80B USD which will only be ready for occupants in 30 years, when population will actually be decreasing rather than focusing on the current housing needs of the population by doing land resumption in the New Territories. Much better things could be done with the money
    - Aligned with whatever whatever useless Belt-and-roads projects that Beijing deems are necessary to build its grand-empire. Costly and little used Macau-Zuhai bridge and Express Rail are prime examples 1,2,3
  • Lack of leadership in adversity
    - Land sharing scheme was postponed after extradition bill debacle as Lam is afraid of tensions, while this scheme is uncontroversial
  • Stubbornness and complete misunderstanding of leading versus managing:
    FOr the extradition bill, Carrie Lam cited a FATF 2008 judgment that Hong Kong's "absence of an extradition deal" was "most significant deficit". It seem that Carrie Lam was unable to weight the benefit of reaching such an agreement versus the population's distrust for the Chinese system of justice. Again here, it felt like the work of a career civil-servant who does not know how to lead but simply react to reports and orders
  • Bad nominations (chief justice)
  • Bad communication (speech pulling the extradition bill)
  • No decent environmental policies:
    - Clueless handling of electric vehicles and growth of car ownership in Hong Kong while Singapore has capped i's new car registrations (yet, Hong Kong public transportation is vastly more efficient). Solutions are easy and can be immediate.
    - No policy or policy framework for single-use plastics while beaches are littered with them.
    - Absolutely no political will nor understanding of these problems from Carrie Lam's administration
The extradition bill episode crystallized the reality of the incompetent government supported by a lackey legco. It became quite clear that Carrie Lam is a completely inept politician; the career civil-servant has reached her level of incompetence.


Monday, June 24, 2019

Plastic crisis...

"In 2016, China imported two-thirds of the world’s plastic waste. So when China stopped buying the world’s discarded plastics, it threw markets into turmoil. But it also created opportunity.
For more than 25 years, rich countries shipped their plastic trash to poorer Asian countries, many of them developing nations lacking the capacity to manage such waste.

China alone took in the lion’s share—45 percent of the world’s plastic waste imports. Then at the start of this year, it refused to take more, citing local environmental concerns. China’s move threw the recycling industry into turmoil as nations scrambled to find new buyers."

That was 2018. It is interesting that, in Hong Kong, we have seen a significant increase in plastic rubbish on beaches which seems to correlate with when China stopped accepting and processing that plastic. More investigation would be required...

"Recycling of plastic has always painted a complicated and uninspired picture. It is a challenge to recycle, thanks to the variety of additives and blends used to manufacture what the study’s authors describe as a “multitude of products.” Only nine percent of the plastic produced globally is recycled. The remainder ends up in landfills, incinerators, or floating free and polluting the environment. Since 1992, as wealthier nations shipped recycled plastic to China and other developing Asian nations, this new export-import industry of plastic trash grew by 800 percent.
(...)
In 2015, Jambeck published the first comprehensive global count of plastic trash, which concluded between four and 12 million metric tons of plastic slips off the coastlines and into the oceans every year. This new study, which she co-authored with Amy Brooks, a University of Georgia doctoral student, suggests that China’s action may force the world to come up with “bold global ideas and actions” to more realistically dispose of a material that has accumulated more waste than any other material.
(...)
Additionally, China remains without fully developed waste management systems, the study concludes. An estimated 1.3-to-3.5 million metric tons enters the oceans from China’s coastline. Between 2010 and 2016, imported plastic waste to China added an additional 10 to 13 percent to the country’s domestic waste, increasing China’s difficulties in managing its garbage.
(...)
Redesign of plastic products that takes into account what happens to those products at the end of their life will also go a long way toward improving recycling. Failure to create effective domestic recycling programs only enhances motivation to use less plastic overall.

The Basel Convention, the international treaty that controls movement of hazardous wastes and their disposal, could come into play. “If plastic waste were characterized as waste requiring special consideration, then export could potentially be regulated,” Jambeck and Brooks say. They also suggest importers could tax plastic waste, to create enough funding to construct solid waste management infrastructure to handle it."



https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/06/china-plastic-recycling-ban-solutions-science-environment/

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2018/06/plastic-planet-waste-pollution-trash-crisis/?beta=true

"After years of hearing that we should recycle more, it’s pretty shocking to realize that we don’t have an infrastructure that can deal with all of it.

Recycling started in the ’70s and ’80s but it took a while to really spread and certainly to become kind of mandatory. [Over the past 20 years] there was no matching or building of recycling capacity along with the increase in recycling programs. I was living in New York in the mid ’90s and I remember when the recycling came in, that maps directly onto the years when we started exporting to China.

There’s an interesting debate warming up about if we should focus on improving our recycling or if that is going to enable our continued consumption of plastics. In other words, let’s not focus on recycling, let’s just focus on not using plastics. I personally think that we need to do both, and I’m concerned about this argument that we shouldn’t even be improving recycling, that we just need to focus on not using plastic, because that seems like a lot harder of a goal to reach."

https://www.vox.com/the-goods/2019/4/2/18290956/recycling-crisis-china-plastic-operation-national-sword

" 'There's no magical land of recycling with rainbows and unicorns. It's much grittier than that,' says Martin Bourque, executive director at the Ecology Center in Berkeley, California, a non-profit group that has been engaged in curbside recycling programs since 1973.
At the center's plant, laborers wearing protective aprons and work gloves sort through a grimy procession of metal and glass refuse that clatters along a conveyor belt.

Bourque says the recycling of paper, tin, and aluminum 'saves a ton of energy and natural resources.'
But approximately 40% of the non-bottle mixed plastic that his organization gathers is not recycled -- either because it's made from plastics that are too costly or hard to process, have been contaminated with food or other materials, or there simply isn't a market for that type of plastic.
Therefore, this plastic goes directly to landfill. Bourque says that's because he cannot find a destination that can recycle the plastic without causing additional harm to the environment.
'We would much rather see them in a landfill then being exported to a foreign country where we don't know what the final destination will be,' Bourque explains.
(...)
To ensure its plastic was being properly recycled, the Berkeley facility carried out an experiment. Using a GPS locator to track plastic waste, they learned that their shipments ended up in China and Malaysia.

There, Bourque says, local environmental investigators found signs of plastic dumped in ravines and waterways. For the plastic that did reach a recycling factory, there were reports of poor working conditions and contaminated water being discharged into local creeks from such facilities."

https://edition.cnn.com/2019/04/26/asia/malaysia-plastic-recycle-intl/index.html?no-st=1556670802

"The increase in large plastic pollution has been happening since 1957, with a significant increase since the 1990s, according to this study.
The researchers didn't set out to do a study about plastic pollution. They were initially studying plankton.
'This happened through chatting with the guys that do the metal work to fix the equipment and the volunteers working to tow the recorders,' said study co-author Clare Ostle, a research scientist at the Marine Biological Association in the UK. 'They were talking about how this plastic kept getting tangled up in the equipment.'
There are very few historical records of ocean plastic pollution, she said, so the researchers used the incidents to investigate exactly how much plastic pollution there was and how often these entanglements happened.
(...)
Ostle and her team looked at 60 years worth of ocean data covering over 6.5 million nautical miles in the North Atlantic and adjacent seas. They found that plastic entanglement on the equipment used to measure plankton increased by about 10 times from 2000 on.
(...)
A previous study found that between 4.8 million and 12.7 million metric tons of plastic entered the ocean in 2010 from people living within 50 kilometers (31 miles) of the coastline.
Global plastic production has quadrupled over the past four decades, a separate new study found.
That study, published Monday in the journal Nature Climate Change, found that if the trend continues, the making of plastics will comprise 15% of greenhouse gas emissions by 2050; by comparison, all of the world's forms of transportation now account for 15% of emissions."
https://edition.cnn.com/2019/04/16/health/ocean-plastic-study-scn/index.html?no-st=1556670938

Action plan
1. 1st world countries should ban all single-use plastic (bags, bottles, straws, etc), which would force adaptation. This is actually done by many countries and cities. However, until the top5 users of single-use plastic lead the way, change won't be material

2. Internalization of plastic management by having local laws (in can start at the municipal level, then extend to country level) preventing exporting plastic trash, thereby forcing development of local solutions.

3. Involve the "brains" in the private sector and crowdsources - that is the kind of challenge for Google and Musk, or crowdsources; have the technology to sort plastic automatically in large quantity with AI, at the municipal level.


Sunday, June 23, 2019

Hong Kong's mega-marches. June 9th 2019 crowd-sizing (with notes on July 1st)


As with most people that have heard the police and the anti-extradition-law march organisers, I wondered how they go about estimating the number of people taking part in protest events, and why they came up with such widely different figures.
It turns out that the reason being the latter is a lot less nefarious than most would imagine; the police’s goal in their estimate is to evaluate the required containment forces at an event, while the organisers’ is to measure participation.
I did reach out to the Hong Kong police but got referred to their research arm and asked to fill an irrelevant form; they obviously had no desire to share the methods they use to come-up with their estimates. However, an April 29th, 2019 SCMP article by Sum Lok-Kei confirms the police’s crowd-sizing goals: ”Instead of estimating the total turnout of marchers, police publish a figure for what they believe to be the peak of the processions.
A police spokesman said on Monday that officers counted the number of marchers from ‘multiple high points’.
‘The number of participants in public meetings and processions estimated by police is only a rough figure solely for the purpose of effective manpower deployment,’ he said.
Police did not disclose if any equipment or methods were used in making the estimation.”
In itself, this informs us that the police estimates cannot be used to assess turnout in any event as it is obvious that people will come and go during static gatherings. In the case of the June 9th and 16th  2019 events, these were marches; the ‘peak’ numbers should therefore be multiplied by a certain factor which would correspond to the flow of people over the time period. That is; how many times did the stream of people covering the full length of the march was fully replaced by marchers behind them.
The Hong Kong University Public Opinion Program does have quite a rigorous method where they measure the flow of people going through a single point along the marching route over 2 hours period, then multiply to account for the march’s duration, then survey marchers to assess how many would have joined before or after the checkpoint.
This is also the method privileged by Dr. Keith Still, professor of Crowd Science at Manchester Metropolitan University. There’s a quite detailed explanation of various methods provided in a Reuters article here: https://graphics.reuters.com/HONGKONG-EXTRADITION-PROTESTS/0100B01001H/index.html
Actually, Dr. Still gracefully agreed to let me refer to his crowd density illustrations.
But, I wondered, isn’t there a way for the common individual to get an independant idea of the crowd size?
Turns out there is; there are a number of online tools that help with crowd-counting. I used MapChecking.com which is very easy-to-use. The only thing it needs is for you to plot the area where the event took place, then assign a crowd density ratio.
The area was easy enough to plot provided that it was clearly recognized by both the organisers and the police. You can find the fully plotted map here:
Then, it is a matter of evaluating the crowd-density. Below are a few pictures from June 9th along the route (Src: Apple Daily):


From Dr. Still’s web site, we can find a few visual references as to crowd density which I used here with his permission: http://www.gkstill.com/Support/crowd-density/625sm/Density6.html

Density of 1 person/sqm

Density of 1.5 person/sqm

2/sqm

3/sqm

4/sqm

To my untrained eyes, I would say the crowd density was between 3 and 4 people per square metre. And let’s pick a lower bound, which I would call the ‘reality-denying-evaluation’ of 1.5 per sqm, as it is clearly obvious but for the staunchest of Pooh supporter, that the density was far higher.
Plugged into the tool, that still gives us roughly 160,000 people.

But wait, people did not just occupy the roads, they also were moving towards Tamar. Let’s say, for the sake of pleasing the police evaluators, that there was only 1.5 full movement of people, meaning that the actual number of people is 1.5 times the road surface covered, that’s about 240,000 people. So, there you have it; the reality-defying lower-bound is the actual police figure. It should be quite clear that this number is underestimating the flow and/or the density but we also do know that the police does not claim to count total participation but rather, peak participation.
However, any number lower than 240,000 claiming to measure total turnout is just pure political fabrication and can be rejected outright. Incidentally, this is exactly what Francis Lui Ting-Ming, researcher for Beijing-backing Out Hong Kong Foundation did, pegging the count at less than 200,000!
Let’s now try a more realistic number; let’s see with 3.3 which is consistent with Francis Lui Ting-Ming’s figure (so, likely to be higher) and the actual pictures of the march. The tool gives us an estimate of roughly 350,000 people.

And if we go with a more realistic 2 times movement, we are at 700,000 marchers.
Remember however that this method makes assumptions around constant density and crowd movements, which HKUPOP’s or Dr Still’s currently point out as being adding to the error margin. However, provided that all methods have difficulty accounting for alternate marching routes and people joining in and out at different points, I would think that the true account of turnout is probably somewhere between the HKUPOP’s figure and the ones evaluated here.
All-in-all, 1 million is not a huge stretch; it is very possible that the density was actually slightly higher at 3.5, and that there were 2.5 to 3 times movement if all alternate routes were counted.
One thing that is undeniable; for this many Hong Kongers to take the street at 30c and 80% humidity, it is quite clear what they wanted to be heard, and that the vast majority, even the almost totality of the population was against the bill and wanted to see it dropped.


Sources:
https://graphics.reuters.com/HONGKONG-EXTRADITION-PROTESTS/0100B01001H/index.html


-------------------------------

Notes on July 1st crowd size

"According to ASI Analytics & Media (ASI), an estimated maximum number of 840,000 protestors is expected to turn up for the anti-extradition march this afternoon at 2.30pm. ASI predicted that the number will be significantly less than the last two Sunday rallies due to lethargy and Hong Kongers going on vacation during the long weekend.

ASI used Trending Moving Average(TMA) system to conduct analysis online via keywords such as ‘Victoria Park’, ‘Protest’, ‘Civil Human Rights Front’ and ‘1st July’. The results showed that the number of protestors will range between 585,000 (lower threshold) and 840,000 (maximum cap). The % probability of the lower threshold and maximum turn-out is at 71% and 69.3% respectively."
https://www.dimsumdaily.hk/asi-analytics-media-asi-predicts-a-maximum-number-of-840000-protestors-to-turn-up-at-the-2-30pm-rally-later/

"ASI Analytics and Media used big-data system to analyze the turnout of yesterday's march and estimated about 550,000 people joined the rally.

The company said the turnout was lower than the two anti-fugitive law marches last month but it exceeded the 2003 record for a July 1 rally of 500,000. Police said the turnout was 190,000."
http://www.thestandard.com.hk/section-news.php?id=209175

If the HKPF was truly assessing the total turnout, their number is fabricated and politically motivated in light of the assessment by a 3rd party (ASI A&M). Especially when compared to their 2003 estimates. Now, if they measured peak attendance, 190k is possible as it would mean there was roughly 3 crowd movements during the march.

Sunday, May 26, 2019

China will not pass U.S. GDP nor GDP per capita unless its culture evolves; middle-income trap

I kept hearing and reading that "China's economy will pass the USA's anytime soon" and "China will be the #1 super-economic-power from 2030 on" and so-on and so-forth. Yet, a few factors made me doubt the assertion:

  • By Chinese academics themselves, China's population has essentially plateaued, and is going to start shrinking in less than 10 years. Meanwhile, the USA's population keeps growing, thanks to a healthy dose of immigration and very slightly higher birth rate
  • The Chinese economy is at the end of its 'low-hanging fruit' economic boom, with GDP-per-capita growth shrinking rapidly year-on-year
My question therefore was: will China's economic engine have enough 'stream' to pass the USA's for a brief number of years, or will the USA/China GDP gap fail to close?


On the chart above (Google/World Bank), it certainly looks like China's economy is trending to pass the USA's in 10 to 20 years. Let's us dig into the data... 

China's fertility rate is below replacement rate, and its net migration is negative


China has seen a huge surge of its population, starting at the beginning of the 18th century, and all the way into the mid-20th century when fertility peaked and fell dramatically between 1965 and 1995 where it stayed relatively stable, yet below the replacement rate. 

While the mid-80s to mid-90s fall in fertility can be attributed to the one-child policy, the sudden rise in family wealth of the 90s to this day has created a condition akin to every other secular nation in the world; couples are delaying having a child, or do not have one at all, as is illustrated on the chart below. 



Furthermore, China's net migration rate is negative (-0.4%) while the USA's is positive at 3.9%. 

China is currently facing a situation of a diminishing population trend.




China's GDP-per-capita growth is slowing down at a fast pace while the USA's is relatively stable

The chart below plots the GDP per-capita of a few territories in focus from year 2000. What is interesting to note is that while the world is impressed with China's newfound economic might, its GDP-per-capita is still and order of magnitude smaller than Hong Kong's, Singapore's, Macao's, and the United States'.

This is important to note because although there are a lot more millionaires in China than there are in Hong Kong, Singapore, and Macao combined, it does not mean that China is richer; it means that China is more populous.
And since total GDP is a factor of population times productivity-per-capita, if either variable stalls or reverse, the growth of total GDP can also stall or reverse...


We have seen before that this is exactly what is happening to the population trend in China; a growth reversal. It is also what is happening to China's GDP per-capita growth trend which rose between China's liberalisation and adoption of market-economics principles in the 90s and the first decade of the 21st century.
Below are two charts where the solid line is the yearly GDP-per-capita growth rate (Google/World Bank) and the dotted one is the trend (calculated by Excel), going all the way to 2030. It is clear that China's is on a rapidly diminishing growth path while the USA is more or less stable (adding the 2018 and 2019 figures would reinforce this stability trend).


To be noted: The CCP is most likely lying about its GDP growth figures

For the computation in this article, I did use the official GDP figures provided by China's CCP. However, there is a problem with these GDP growth figures; no-one knows what they really are and it is very likely that they are not quite as rosy as what the CCP would want them to be.
I thought it was important to mention it here because while the CCP can lie about these figures, it will eventually catch-up to them in the long-run (it always does) and it also makes the argument for China's GDP surpassing the USA's even less likely...

Below are some analysis from external sources:

"It's difficult to determine China's true rate of growth, as a lot of government data 'don't make sense,' according to Scissors, who is also chief economist at China Beige Book. For example, the numbers on the economy's size compared with the average income of Chinese citizens don't tally, he said.

Plenty of other analysts resort to their own metrics to get a sense of how the economy is doing.
Research firm Capital Economics examines a range of data including sea freight, electricity generation and financial lending to come up with a proxy indicator. Based on that, China's economy may have only grown by around 5% last year (2018) rather than the official rate of 6.6%."

Sources:
http://www.aei.org/publication/china-cant-get-its-economic-story-straight/
https://edition.cnn.com/2019/02/11/business/china-economy-growth-data/index.html
https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/2189052/china-exaggerated-gdp-data-2-percentage-points-least-nine
https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-03-08/china-s-gdp-growth-pace-was-inflated-for-nine-years-study-finds
https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/2188567/china-growth-slow-2-cent-over-next-decade-structural-issues

Forecasting GDP from actuals

Using the World Bank's year 2000 to 2017 GDP-per-capita data, I used Excel forecasting feature to calculate the year 2018 to 2050 year of GDP-per-capita for both China and the USA as can be seen in the chart below.


Using population projection from the U.S. Census for the USA population, and from Chinese government sources as well as the U.N's for China's for 2020, 2030, 2040,205, it became easy to project the Chinese and American total GDP figures by multiplying the projected population figures and the matching years' projected GDP-per-capita values.

The computed figures are shown in the table below:

Some observations:
  • I didn't have the population forecast data for 2060; that is what has stopped me from plotting the trend to that year. However, it would likely indicate that the USA/China GDP gap would reverse its narrowing trend
  • The story of China's growth is one of scale due to its large population, not one of exceptional growth as it mimics all 3rd-world nations growth patterns
  • The figures used for China's GDP and therefore, its growth rate, come from the Chinese Communist Party and therefore likely inflated. subtracting 2 percentage points of growth would make the narrowing of the USA/China GDP gap even less likely
In conclusion, unless China reverse its population growth trend, or dramatically change the way it is doing business to reverse its shrinking GDP-per-capita growth rate, the total Chinese GDP will not exceed the USA's and, by 2050, the USA/China GDP gap will start to widen again.

The middle-income trap; what is needed for China to exit it

Being based in Hong Kong, I hear a lot of the CCP-apologists' rhetoric about how China is proving to be a new model for the world where an authoritarian regime is creating wealth without a need for democratic institutions such as the rule-of-law, freedom-of-speech, freedom-of-the-press, freedom-of-thoughts, separation-of-powers, etc...

Actually, the data is telling another story; China is following the developing nations pattern to a tee and, as I explained before, while it might feel to the outsider that it has reached parity with the Western world (and the large Chinese cities may be close), China is has reached a level of economic advancement similar to other 2nd world nations such as Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, or Iran. The sheer size of China's population is what made this economic 'lift' different.Bloomberg has a great write-up on the current macroeconomic situation in China:

“The confrontation comes at a critical moment for China as it tries to avoid falling into what economists call the middle-income trap, where per-capita income stalls before a nation becomes rich. Usually that happens because rising wages and costs erode profitability at factories that make basic goods like clothes or furniture, and the economy fails to make the jump to higher-value industries and services.
Only five industrial economies in East Asia have succeeded in escaping the trap since 1960, according to the World Bank. They are Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan.

To join them, Xi must oversee a transformation in China’s markets, injecting more competition in financial services, upgrading technology, and tightening corporate governance, while waging a trade war with a U.S. administration bent on containing the Asian nation’s rise. Xi’s challenge is compounded by an aging workforce, the mountain of corporate and local government debt, and an environmental clean-up that will take decades.

'No major economy that is not democratic has managed to surpass the middle income trap, so the odds are not in China’s favor even without the trade war,' said Steve Tsang, director of the SOAS China Institute at the University of London. 'Abandoning the Dengist approach has raised alarm bells in the West, particularly in the U.S. This makes the task much more difficult.'

(…)
Today, China’s private sector generates 60 percent of the nation’s output, 70 percent of technological innovation and 90 percent of new jobs, according to Liu He, Xi’s top economic adviser."

Until Xi Jinping's took power, it seemed possible for China to further open-up not only its economy but also its mindset; reform the education system so that the individualism required for people to come up with the out-of-the-CCP-box ideas that would revolutionize tomorrow's business.

Instead, Xi's returning to a foregone era of top-down thinking which only works because Chinese company operate in a non-competitive environment where they are heavily supported by the government through direct and indirect investments, through a legal framework that benefits them, and via a laissez-faire attitude when it comes to enforcing employee rights and protection of intellectual property.  China’s oversized demographics which flooded the job market with hundred of millions of cheap laborers will be of no use in a Chinese post-industrial world. It is no surprise that the CCP forces technology transfer from foreign companies investing in China; they recognize the current inability of the Chinese workforce for large scale innovation.
Sure, token innovation occurs, but not on the size required for China to exit the middle-income trap.

“About 70 per cent of Hongkongers who quit a China-headquartered company blame the office culture and low salaries, according to a study published by recruitment firm Michael Page.
Many Chinese companies are entering Hong Kong as a gateway to tap into the global market. But 44 per cent of them struggle to retain talent in the former British colony, according to the survey polling 2,998 Chinese firms and employees who previously worked in such companies from different industries in September this year.
(…)
Chinese companies are also more traditional with more power difference between the chief executive and the rest of the staff. This may shock some of the Hongkongers who used to work in British companies with a more liberal management style, he added.”

http://www.scmp.com/business/companies/article/2177363/hongkongers-quitting-chinese-companies-blame-rigid-office-culture

The true reforms that China will need and could have it claim the title of world-leading economic-powerhouse would be:

  • Reform the education system so individual thinking is favored over CCP reverence and unconditional Chinese patriotism so China can leverage its population into a nation of individual thinkers that will bring unmatchable (due to sheer number) new ideas to market
  • Strongly enforce intellectual-property (IP) laws locally and internationally and crack down on copyright infringements at all levels so the international community can have faith in its ability to share technological advancements with China
  • Reform the legal system to implement proper rule-of-law as it is a condition for the success of long-term international trade, and to prevent capital outflow due to the rich leaving China for jurisdiction where the legal system is more predictable
  • Ending the one-party system would guarantee that failed economic and social leadership such as Jinping's will have checks-and-balance and won't be allowed to take the country down disastrous path such as Mao's Cultural Revolution

The next 10 years will be telling; it is possible that via its indirect imperialist model (aka Belt&Roads), China may achieve its goal but it seems unlikely since that model is based on 2nd world 'brick&mortar' growth.

20th century China has seen the country mostly adopt Western governance principles. In 1949, China adopted the Western system of Communism which has failed them miserably. Then, they adopted the Western system of globalised capitalism which has saved them. Whether China can accept the final Western system of social-democracy which will bring them to the next level of growth, with freedom as a by-product, remains to be seen...


P.S. Have a read at the following article which paints an interesting picture of the CCP's 'economic miracle':
https://www.hongkongfp.com/2018/12/02/chinas-communist-economic-system-not-good-model-world-china
P.P.S. I hear some ultra-China nationalists saying "The U.S is just afraid that they are no longer going to be the world's superpower and they are anti-China racists, blah blah blah". I think that's bunch of bull; the U.S is afraid that a dictatorship would gain the top-spot by way of cheating and stealing, which is largely what China does. Actually, there's already another economic power with a GDP right about the same size as the U.S'; Europe. Major trade wars between the two? Nope...
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Data sources:

GDP growth rates data source: World Bank via Google

2019-07-25 Update: It seems that some people in China do get it:
“We shouldn’t focus too much on indigenous innovation that is fully under our control. We need to build up a global value chain, not a Chinese one,” according to a memo published by the Institute of International and Strategic Studies at Peking University in Beijing.
“We can’t develop China’s hi-tech industry with the mindset that developed China’s first nuclear bomb and satellite [in 1960s].”
“The ultimate goal of China is to overcome the middle income trap, to enrich the Chinese people, not to compete against the US,” it added.

China is looking to avoid the so-called middle income trap, a development stage where a country attains a certain level of income but then stagnates and remains at the same level because it cannot progress from low-cost manufacturing into hi-technology industries.
The scholars argued that China must learn a lesson from telecommunication equipment makers ZTE and Huawei and ensure firms comply with the laws of other nations if they want to operate globally.

“China should guide its businesses to obey rules and regulations in cross-border deals as a way to avoid giving excuses [to others] and to mitigate risks,” the scholars added.
“The US government is able to tighten its control over intellectual property rights, logistics and the financial system on a global scale via administrative and legal means – that would restrict China’s technology development in the short term,” the scholars said.

“At the right time, China should propose to the US that they engage in dialogue over cyberspace security and technology competition … to boost trust and to reduce suspicion.”

https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3019885/china-should-drop-nationalistic-approach-manage-tech-war-risk

China’s enormous debt ‘no longer can be ignored,’ analyst says
https://www.cnbc.com/2019/08/23/chinas-debt-levels-amid-its-slowing-economy.html

Low R&D Spending May Be China’s Achilles’ Heel
+Most com­panies don’t invest nearly enough in cutting-edge technology to compete with the rest of the world.
https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-08-12/low-r-amp-d-spending-may-be-china-s-achilles-heel

China's economy slowing below 6%
https://www.inkstonenews.com/china/chinese-gdp-growth-fall-below-6-2020-says-think-tank/article/3037728

China admits that it will need to fudge the numbers
https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3036745/china-could-smooth-over-census-data-meet-growth-target

(2020-08-07 update)
//China ready to start talks with U.S. at ‘any level,’ foreign minister says

Foreign Minister Wang Yi said China rejects any attempt to create a “new Cold War” and urged a resumption of talks with the United States at any level about any issue as the relationship between the world’s two biggest economies hits its lowest ebb in decades.

In a wide-ranging interview with the official Xinhua News Agency Wednesday, the state councilor and top diplomat said China “is not the former Soviet Union” and has “no intention of becoming another United States.”
China “rejects any attempt to create a so-called new Cold War,” Wang said. “Anyone who tries to start a new Cold War in the 21st century will be on the wrong side of history and will only be remembered as the one who has upended international cooperation.//

Reading between the lines; there is internal dissent within the CCP, with Xi's imperialistic and ultra-nationalistic 'plans' being questioned. Furthermore, some Chinese leaders realize that artificial growth fueled by the state is unsustainable and that unless they patch it up with the U.S, China's economy will run out of fuel.

https://www.caixinglobal.com/2020-08-06/china-ready-to-start-talks-with-us-at-any-level-foreign-minister-says-101589640.html

(2020-11-09)
Xi Jinping says ‘completely possible’ to double size of economy by 2035, despite foreign hostility
15 years to double its national income. U.S. will easily do this in the next 15 years. Another evidence that China will not catch-up to the U.S.
https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3108767/china-gdp-xi-jinping-says-completely-possible-double-size

(2020-11-22)
"Will China double the scale of its economy by 2035, as President Xi Jinping proposed at a Communist social gathering convention three weeks in the past? To take action, the Chinese language economy should develop yearly by simply over 4.7 per cent on common for the following 15 years. It grew by 6.1 per cent final yr, and by 6.7 per cent yearly over the earlier 5 years. In that context, 4.7 per cent a yr appears fairly manageable. However whereas the calculations could seem simple, there are economic and demographic constraints that are not. Each nation that adopted the high-savings, investment-led development mannequin that China adopted within the early Nineteen Nineties — corresponding to Japan within the Nineteen Seventies and Eighties, or Brazil within the decade earlier than — has gone by way of three distinct levels. The primary stage, characterised by heavy funding in badly-needed infrastructure, delivered a few years of speedy however unbalanced development. In that stage, debt grew according to the economy as a result of when debt principally funds productive funding, gross home product grows sooner than debt. Within the second stage, as every nation sought to rebalance demand away from funding, usually with little success, development remained pretty excessive, though now pushed more and more by non-productive funding. When this occurs, complete debt within the economy should develop sooner than GDP. So the debt burden rose. Lastly within the third stage, the nation both reached its debt capability limits or a apprehensive authorities took steps to forestall debt from rising additional. Both manner, the economy was pressured lastly to rebalance away from funding and in direction of consumption amid far slower, typically even unfavourable, development. China right now is clearly within the second stage. Between 1980 and 2010, Chinese language GDP doubled 4 instances, however debt ranges have been low and rose slowly. Nevertheless, between 2010 and 2020 when GDP doubled once more, China did so by tripling its total debt burden to $43tn, in order that it now stands, formally, at over 280 per cent of GDP. Assume conservatively that the connection between debt and development doesn’t change, and China’s debt-to-GDP ratio may have to rise to over 400 per cent by 2035 if it is to double GDP once more. This is a stage that might be unprecedented in historical past. In every single place else, development collapsed lengthy earlier than money owed reached ranges shut to this. China can in precept cut back its dependence on debt by shifting home demand from funding to consumption, as Beijing has lengthy proposed. But this requires that the household income share of GDP rise from roughly 50 per cent right now to at the very least 70 per cent. Beijing has lengthy wished to do that however with restricted success, regardless of a decade of making an attempt. There is nonetheless little to recommend the social gathering is keen to sort out the institutional implications of the large wealth transfer from native governments and elites to households this entails. There is additionally a demographic problem. From the late Nineteen Seventies, China benefited from a quickly rising working-age inhabitants, however this reversed round a decade in the past. In truth, over the following 15 years, whereas China’s inhabitants will develop by an estimated 1.5 per cent, its working population will decline by an astonishing 6.8 per cent, and can proceed to decline for the remainder of the century. To place it in context, whereas right now there are 4.7 Chinese language of working age for each equal American, by the top of the century there will probably be solely 2.4. This has financial implications. Attaining GDP development of 4.7 per cent with a declining working inhabitants requires as a lot productiveness development per employee as 5.2 per cent GDP development with a steady working inhabitants. Progress in Chinese language labour productiveness has in reality fallen steadily since 2010. Trying forward, a declining working inhabitants requires that the tempo of this decline in productiveness drops by practically two-thirds if China is to double GDP by 2035. None of which means that Mr Xi’s aim is unimaginable, however we should recognise the constraints. Absent China discovering a wholly new engine of financial development to take up the large quantity of debt-financed spending that now goes into non-productive investments, China can double GDP by 2035 solely underneath one among two situations. Both there is in impact no restrict to China’s debt capability, or Beijing boosts consumption by managing a large redistribution of revenue to atypical households. Historical past means that the previous is not possible, and that the latter will set off substantial and unpredictable political and social change. Both manner, it is an unlikely wager."

https://timesnest.com/xis-aim-to-double-chinas-economy-is-a-fantasy/
https://www.ft.com/content/8cc6f95e-89c2-4bf3-9db3-eafd481f1f37

(2020-12-27)



"Building the algorithm commons: Who discovered the algorithms that underpin computing in the modern enterprise?"

(update 2021-02-10)
Number of newborns registered in China drops 15% amid population decline fears.

(update 2021-04-20)

"China’s population is set to peak in just four years’ time and the milestone will be marked by a significant downturn in consumer demand, an adviser to the central bank has warned.
“When the total population enters negative growth [after 2025], there will be a shortage of demand,” Cai Fang, a member of the monetary policy committee of the People’s Bank of China (PBOC), was quoted as saying in a report by Shanghai Securities News on Friday."

(update 2021-07-13)

(update 2021-10-06)
China Import & Exports

(update 2022-01-31)
China Can’t Afford to Decouple from the West
"Chinese leaders should know far better than most the risks of self-isolation. Decades of inward-looking policies under Mao Zedong left tens of millions of Chinese dead and the country entrapped in poverty. Only after Deng Xiaoping introduced his liberalizing reforms in 1979 did the economy begin to take off. Severing ties forged over four decades of integration with the West will make an already slowing Chinese economy less, not more productive."
"Nor is there much reason to think China can succeed in its aim of achieving self-sufficiency by fiat. While the country’s technological capabilities have grown immensely over the years, the government can hardly take credit. Years of massive investments have not paid off. One academic study estimates that China spent 550 billion yuan ($88 billion) supporting various industrial projects between 2006 and 2013 yet produced only 145 billion yuan in net profits for domestic firms and 230 billion yuan in export gains. In other words, China’s industrial policy during this period generated a net loss of 175 billion yuan ($28 billion).

Beijing has also greatly underestimated the challenge of establishing a sanctions-proof chipmaking industry. The foundation of global technology supply chains is specialization. Individual players — companies in different countries — acquire unique capabilities, enabling them to focus on a particular technology and constantly innovate. No single country or company can dominate or monopolize the entire supply chain. 

According to the Semiconductor Industry Association, there are more than 30 types of specialized semiconductor product categories. Making a chip requires as many as 300 different inputs, which are in turn processed by more than 50 types of specialized equipment. Even the U.S., the industry leader, is incapable of building a completely indigenous semiconductor supply chain. While China reportedly is planning to spend $1.4 trillion over the next five years pursuing that goal, the odds of success are slim.

China’s efforts to reduce its reliance on food imports, which reached $108 billion in 2020, seem similarly destined to fail. Because about a quarter of the country’s food imports come from the U.S., Chinese leaders fear Washington could impose an embargo in any future confrontation, as it did after the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979.

The costs of eliminating that dependence are likely unsustainable. To take just one example, according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the per hectare yield for soybean farms in China’s Heilongjiang province is a third lower than in the American Midwest, while the cost of producing a metric ton of soybeans in China is more than twice that in the U.S.  Given that U.S. soybeans alone account for roughly 11% of China’s overall food imports, replacing them with domestic supplies would be prohibitively expensive."

(update 2022-05-01)

(Update 2023-02-07)

The current average decline rate since Xi took power is a slow down of population growth of a million people a year. And these are the official stats. It is likely that China never reached 1.4B population and that 3 years of Covid with tens of millions of undeclared deaths will have much more dire consequences.

"China’s National Bureau of Statistics on Tuesday announced a decline of 850,000 people to a new total population of 1.4118 billion — the first such decline in 60 years. The birthrate reached its lowest level on record, at 6.77 per 1,000 people, down from 7.52 in 2021.

The last time China’s population declined was in 1961, after three years of famine caused by Mao Zedong’s disastrous Great Leap Forward industrial policy, along with floods and drought.

(...)

The government’s efforts to reverse the falling birthrate began in earnest in 2016, when it ended the one-child-per-family rule, placing the restriction at two children instead. But neither that revision nor a 2021 adjustment to allow three children has slowed the downward trend

(...)

China’s rapidly aging society will undercut Beijing’s vision of itself as an ascendant power poised to overtake the United States. "

https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/01/17/china-population-shrinking-decline-crisis

(update 2023-05-12)
"An executive at a real estate developer in Hong Kong said the difficulties of doing due diligence in China is deterring investors from buying assets in the mainland because of the risk of hidden debts. Such concern is only likely to be exacerbated by President Xi Jinping’s campaign against foreign due diligence companies. 

Even businesses that do invest are taking a cautious approach, preferring to focus on their own operations in China instead of direct cash investment, said Gary Lam, founder and chief executive officer of Asia CEO Community, a membership club headquartered in Hong Kong that’s focused on growing a network of business leaders.

“They want to be in control of their companies because their trust in the Chinese government and its current business environment has been eroded amid the myriad of government crackdowns and a constant change in policies,” said Lam."

https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-05-11/china-is-scaring-away-foreign-investors-that-its-cities-want

(update 2024-02-27)
"Xi Crackdown on ‘Hedonistic’ Bankers Fuels Industry Brain Drain
(...) indications are growing that Xi is shifting away from four decades of market-oriented reforms and financial innovation. The most powerful Chinese leader since Mao Zedong has emphasized the Communist Party’s “centralized and unified leadership” of the sector and pledged to build “a modern financial system with Chinese characteristics” that’s completely different from the West."

https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-02-26/xi-crackdown-on-hedonistic-bankers-fuels-industry-brain-drain?accessToken=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJzb3VyY2UiOiJTdWJzY3JpYmVyR2lmdGVkQXJ0aWNsZSIsImlhdCI6MTcwOTA2NTk1NSwiZXhwIjoxNzA5NjcwNzU1LCJhcnRpY2xlSWQiOiJTODQxTDZUMEcxS1cwMCIsImJjb25uZWN0SWQiOiI2RDQ5QkZBMjRCNUE0OTgyODg3RUYxRDExOTdDMEE1MiJ9.u0btHRbFvEXqfqOzrNQZf2ablMhStKfP_tOHvgPscQY

(update 2024-04-01)
Yi Fuxian has been researching China's population patterns for years. I did not know about the guy until very recently. His assessment is that China's population has been decreasing even faster of for longer than what I hypothesized; with a peak in 2017 at less than 1.3B people!

Source here, and here.